Computer assisted language learning WikipediaEnglish software redirects here.For the video game publisher, see English Software.Computer assisted language learning CALL is succinctly defined in a seminal work by Levy 1.CALL embraces a wide range of information and communications technology applications and approaches to teaching and learning foreign languages, from the traditional drill and practice programs that characterised CALL in the 1.CALL, e. g. as used in a virtual learning environment and Web based distance learning.It also extends to the use of corpora and concordancers, interactive whiteboards,2 Computer mediated communication CMC,3language learning in virtual worlds, and mobile assisted language learning MALL.The term CALI computer assisted language instruction was in use before CALL, reflecting its origins as a subset of the general term CAI computer assisted instruction.CALI fell out of favour among language teachers, however, as it appeared to imply a teacher centred approach instructional, whereas language teachers are more inclined to prefer a student centred approach, focusing on learning rather than instruction.CALL began to replace CALI in the early 1.Davies Higgins 1.An alternative term, technology enhanced language learning TELL,6 also emerged around the early 1.Importance Of Learning English Language Pdf' title='Importance Of Learning English Language Pdf' />TELL Consortium project, University of Hull.The current philosophy of CALL puts a strong emphasis on student centred materials that allow learners to work on their own.Common Core State StandardS for english Language arts Literacy in HistorySocial Studies, Science, and technical Subjects.DOI 10. 10579781137525901.Age and Foreign Language Learning in School Amelia Lambelet University of Fribourg, Switzerland and Raphael Berthele.California English Language Development Standards Kindergarten Through Grade 12 Adopted by the California State Board of Education November 2012.Such materials may be structured or unstructured, but they normally embody two important features interactive learning and individualised learning.CALL is essentially a tool that helps teachers to facilitate the language learning process.It can be used to reinforce what has already been learned in the classroom or as a remedial tool to help learners who require additional support.The design of CALL materials generally takes into consideration principles of language pedagogy and methodology, which may be derived from different learning theories e.Stephen Krashens monitor hypothesis.A combination of face to face teaching and CALL is usually referred to as blended learning.Blended learning is designed to increase learning potential and is more commonly found than pure CALL Pegrum 2.See Davies et al.Section 1. 1, What is CALL.See also Levy Hubbard 2.Why call CALL CALL9HistoryeditCALL dates back to the 1.The PLATO project, initiated at the University of Illinois in 1.CALL Marty 1. 98.The advent of the microcomputer in the late 1.CALL programs and a flurry of publications of books on CALL in the early 1.Dozens of CALL programs are currently available on the internet, at prices ranging from free to expensive,1.There have been several attempts to document the history of CALL.Sanders 1. 99. 5 covers the period from the mid 1.CALL in North America.Delcloque 2. 00. CALL worldwide, from its beginnings in the 1.Davies 2. 00. 5 takes a look back at CALLs past and attempts to predict where it is going.Hubbard 2. 00. 9 offers a compilation of 7.CALL or that show promise in doing so in the future.A published review of Hubbards collection can be found in Language Learning Technology 1.Butler Pascoe 2. CALL from a different point of view, namely the evolution of CALL in the dual fields of educational technology and secondforeign language acquisition and the paradigm shifts experienced along the way.See also Davies et al. Winrar 4 11 32 Bit 64 Bit Windows Version Cracked Pirate Bay Torrents there. Section 2, History of CALL.Typology and phaseseditDuring the 1.CALL typology. A wide range of different types of CALL programs was identified by Davies Higgins 1.Jones Fortescue 1.Hardisty Windeatt 1.Levy 1. 99. 7 pp.These included gap filling and Cloze programs, multiple choice programs, free format text entry programs, adventures and simulations, action mazes, sentence reordering programs, exploratory programsand total Cloze, a type of program in which the learner has to reconstruct a whole text.Most of these early programs still exist in modernised versions.Since the 1. 99. 0s, it has become increasingly difficult to categorise CALL as it now extends to the use of blogs, wikis, social networking, podcasting, Web 2.Davies et al. 2. 01.Section 3. 7. 8Warschauer 1.Warschauer Healey 1.Rather than focusing on the typology of CALL, they identified three historical phases of CALL, classified according to their underlying pedagogical and methodological approaches Behavioristic CALL conceived in the 1.Communicative CALL 1.Integrative CALL embracing Multimedia and the Internet 1.Most CALL programs in Warschauer Healeys first phase, Behavioristic CALL 1.At first, both could be done only through text.The computer would analyse students input and give feedback, and more sophisticated programs would react to students mistakes by branching to help screens and remedial activities.While such programs and their underlying pedagogy still exist today, behaviouristic approaches to language learning have been rejected by most language teachers, and the increasing sophistication of computer technology has led CALL to other possibilities.The second phase described by Warschauer Healey, Communicative CALL, is based on the communicative approach that became prominent in the late 1.Underwood 1. 98. 4.In the communicative approach the focus is on using the language rather than analysis of the language, and grammar is taught implicitly rather than explicitly.It also allows for originality and flexibility in student output of language.The communicative approach coincided with the arrival of the PC, which made computing much more widely available and resulted in a boom in the development of software for language learning.The first CALL software in this phase continued to provide skill practice but not in a drill formatfor example paced reading, text reconstruction and language gamesbut the computer remained the tutor.In this phase, computers provided context for students to use the language, such as asking for directions to a place, and programs not designed for language learning such as Sim City, Sleuth and Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego Criticisms of this approach include using the computer in an ad hoc and disconnected manner for more marginal aims rather than the central aims of language teaching.The third phase of CALL described by Warschauer Healey, Integrative CALL, starting from the 1.It also coincided with the development of multimedia technology providing text, graphics, sound and animation as well as Computer mediated communication CMC.CALL in this period saw a definitive shift from the use of the computer for drill and tutorial purposes the computer as a finite, authoritative base for a specific task to a medium for extending education beyond the classroom.Multimedia CALL started with interactive laser videodiscs such as Montevidisco Schneider Bennion 1.A la rencontre de Philippe Fuerstenberg 1.These programs later were transferred to CD ROMs, and new role playing games RPGs such as Who is Oscar Lake In a later publication Warschauer changed the name of the first phase of CALL from Behavioristic CALL to Structural CALL and also revised the dates of the three phases Warschauer 2.Structural CALL 1.Communicative CALL 1.Integrative CALL 2.Bax 2. 00. 32. Warschauer Haley 1.Warschauer 2. 00.Restricted CALL mainly behaviouristic 1.Open CALL i. e. Baxs article.Integrated CALL still to be achieved.Bax argued that at the time of writing language teachers were still in the Open CALL phase, as true integration could only be said to have been achieved when CALL had reached a state of normalisation e.CALL was as normal as using a pen.See also Bax Chambers 2.Bax 2. 01. 1,2. FlashcardseditA basic use of CALL is in vocabulary acquisition using flashcards, which requires quite simple programs.Such programs often make use of spaced repetition, a technique whereby the learner is presented with the vocabulary items that need to be committed to memory at increasingly longer intervals until long term retention is achieved.This has led to the development of a number of applications known as spaced repetition systems SRS,3.Anki or Super. Memo package and programs such as BYKI3.
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